Euphemism in Cross-Cultural Communication

cross-ethnical parley Vol. 8, No. 6, 2012, pp. 66-70 inside10. 3968/j. ccc. 1923670020120806. 1356 ISSN 1712-8358Print ISSN 1923-6700Online www. cs sufferada. net www. cscanada. org cross-cultural Contrastive correction of incline and Chinese Euphemisms WANG Xiaolinga ZHANG Menga,* DONG Hailina a College of immaterial Langu periods, Hebei United University, west Xinhua Road, Tangshan, China. * Corresponding author.Supported by Study on Application of Cross-Cultural Teaching Concept in spic-and-span Standard College side Teaching report Project of Ministry of Education for the Year 2010, the El scourth Five-year Plan for educational Sciences (Grant No. gpa105030). Received 18 August 2012 reliable 7 December 2012 Abstract The delectation of euphemisms is a common linguistic phenomenon in all langu eras. By using euphemisms, raft can indirectly and courteously express their ideas, without making the listeners feel awkward and repellent. As a mirror of gloss, the generation a nd development of euphemisms be closely related to culture.Euphemisms in side and Chinese be similarly abundant, merely they have both(prenominal) divergencys and similarities in ports and cultural con nonations. The cross-cultural contrastive study of slope and Chinese euphemisms can help pack correctly understand the deep inwardness in position and Chinese languages and overcome the obstacles in crosscultural discourses. Key haggling Euphemisms elaboration Cross-culture Contrastive study WANG Xiaoling, ZHANG Meng, DONG Hailin (2012). CrossCultural Contrastive Study of slope and Chinese Euphemisms.CrossCultural Communication, 8 (6), 66-70. Available from http//www. cscanada. net/index. php/ccc/article/view/j. ccc. 1923670020120806. 1356 DOI http//dx. doi. org/10. 3968/j. ccc. 1923670020120806. 1356. speech, so the word euphemism literally means word of adept omen. Routledge Dictionary of style and Linguistics (2000) defines euphemism as A pleasant of expressing me thod which aims at making large number feel less embarrassed by using more than or less haggle with vague and ambiguous meaning in billet of those which whitethorn make people feel unpleasant and not survey.The generation of euphemism has its loving foundation. eyepatch communicating with others, people very much face the piazza where they can not directly express what they want to say, or sometimes a direct expression bequeath cause the listeners awkward and unpleasant. In these cases, people pass to choose an indirect and round near delegacy to express their ideas and thoughts, so as to avoid the embarrassment. With this purpose, euphemisms come into being. Whereas the use of euphemisms is not wholly a well-disposed phenomenon, it is besides a cultural one.The generation of euphemism is too closely related to culture. Due to the low social productivity in the early stage of human society, people were lack of scientific and cultural knowledge, frankincense there e xisted a superstitious belief that the direct call of the name of God or a ghost forget bring them bad fortune. Then the names of God and ghosts became language taboo and people found substitutes of these names. These substitutes then became euphemisms of that time. With the development of the society, euphemisms in all languages also changed.And this on-going change has always being relying on culture. Different nations possess divergent natural environment, social patterns, ideological systems, modes of production and values. All these can be reflected in the use of language, including the use of euphemisms. 1. EUPHEMISM AND ITS RELATION WITH CULTURE The word euphemism originated from a Latin word. Its prefix eu means good, and phemism means 2 . C U LT U R A L S I M I L A R I T I E S A N D DIFFERENCES REFLECTED BY ENGLISH AND CHINESE EUPHEMISMS When we comp ar distinguishable cultures, we will find that the procure Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture 66 WANG Xi aoling ZHANG Meng DONG Hailin (2012). Cross-Cultural Communication, 8 (6), 66-70 similarities and differences of the developing course of human society argon manifested in cultures. dustup is not only the mirror of culture, but also a part of culture. So the similarities and differences of cultures are undoubtedly reflected by English and Chinese languages, including euphemisms. 2. 1 Cultural Similarities Reflected by Euphemisms Euphemism as a cultural phenomenon has its specific role to constitute in culture.Cultural similarities reflected by English and Chinese euphemisms can be concluded by the functions of euphemisms. Basically speaking, the functions of English and Chinese euphemisms are the resembling, which can be divided as taboo-avoiding function, politeness function, and deception function. These functions register the universal characters of human culture. 2. 1. 1 Taboo-Avoiding Function In English and Chinese, there are some words that cannot be directly said out.Fo r example, during the time when Christianity was prevalent in the western countries, the name of God Jehovah became the biggest taboo, so many euphemisms were created to replace the name, such as the Almighty, the Supreme Being, Holy one, the lasting, the Creator, the Maker, the Savior, the light of the world, the Sovereign of the Universe, Our Father, etc.. In antediluvian patriarch China, the names of emperors are also tabooed. For example, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, changed (the first month of a lunar year) into so as to avoid the pronunciation of the character ? which is the same(p) as the character ? used in his name. some other example is the euphemistic expression of terminal. People generally believe that the greatest misfortune is energy than death, so there are taboos and euphemisms about death both in English and Chinese. The word death cannot be directly mentioned, and euphemisms about death are various. In English, the word die can be replaced by to pass away, to expire, to be no more, to breathe ones last, to come to an end, to join the majority, to go to ones rest, to nap the final sleep, to be gathered to ones father, return to dust, bar ones race, be no onger with us, to be at peace, to be at rest, to be asleep in the arms of God/ Jesus, pay the debt of disposition, etc.. In Chinese, the word ? can be replaced by etc.. 2. 1. 2 Politeness Function It is a convening human psychology for everybody to be respected and keep dignity before the others. So to avoid smart others feelings and pride in a conversation, people very much use euphemistic expressions in stead of words that will lead to the unwanted result. For instance, in Chinese, people will call those who are physical incapacitate ? ? in stead of . Similarly, in English, the word handicapped is euphemistically expressed by disabled to tape peoples respect. The deaf people are described as hard of listening, and artifice people are the visually chall enged. At present, euphemisms about body figure are more often used than ever before. As more and mo re people pay attention to their figure, you direct to be careful while talking to those who have much weight. The word fat could never be used. solely you can use words like plump, stout, out-size, over-weight to describe such person. In Chinese, it is also more polite to use words like etc..The politeness function of euphemisms is well demonstrated by the definition of these low or humble occupations. To some extent, the occupations people are engaged in can sight their social posture, so people in the low hierarchy are usually sensitive towards their jobs. A decent and respectful call of their occupation will show respect for such persons. therefore, sanitation organise is created for garbage collector, cleaning operative is created for road-sweeper, domestic help is created for maid and security officer is created for janitor. In modern Chinese, there are also similar eu phemisms about occupations.For example, people call in stead of , and ? or in stead of . These euphemisms about occupations not only show the raise of civilization level, but also peoples awareness of social equity. 2. 1. 3 Deception Function With the development of the society, the use of euphemisms is not only limited in avoiding taboos and caring for the listeners feelings. On many occasions, it is also employed to tegument the facts, and to achieve some ulterior goals. Euphemisms of this kind are widely seen in political and economic areas to tell on the public or distort the pacts.For example, words used in war, such as invasion and fall apart are disguised as incursion, involvement and military action Failure in a war is disguised as break off contact with enemy The thousands of homeless people in the war are called transfer of population Attack is disguised as active defense, etc.. These nonfunctional words conceal the nature and cruelty of war, and provide reasona ble excuse for waging wars. For politicians, these euphemistic words are good tools to whitewash themselves and protect themselves from being excused or charged. Euphemisms in the economic area are also widely seen.For example, economic crisis is replaced by depression or recession poor nations is replaced by develop nations, developing nations, or emerging nations. These words all cover up the trueity to some extent, and the real meaning of these words need careful thinking. 2. 2 Cultural Differences Reflected by Euphemisms Due to the culture difference between English and Chinese, a topic often being talked about in one culture 67 Copyright Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture Cross-Cultural Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Euphemisms ay be tabooed in some other culture, and something unacceptable in one culture may be quite normal in another. 2. 2. 1 Different Attitudes Towards Old Age The westerners are scared of old age. In their opinion, old age ind icates decay. So in many western countries, inquiring others age is seen to be an offense, because age is a sensitive topic. There are many euphemisms describing old age, such as senior citizen, advantage in age, the mature, seasoned man, full of ages, be feeling ones ages, other(prenominal) ones prime etc.. On the contrary, it is a tradition for Chinese people to respect the old.As further as Chinese people are concerned, old age stands for wisdom and experience. In Chinese, people often add the word ? after a persons family name to show his respect, such as and . Besides, the word ? can also be added before a persons family name to show intimacy with this person, such as , . If a person has much experience in an occupation and is respected by others, people will call him or her ? or etc.. Other words indicating old age like all show respect to these old people. 2. 2. Attitudes Towards Privacy The westerners isolate much importance to privacy, which includes age, m arriage, income, sacred belief, political tendency etc. , and they do not want the others to know much about these contents. For example, a western lady will take an immediate aversion if she is asked about her age and marriage state. While in China, you can often hear people around talking about age, marriage and pull down income. Topics like , , , are not forbidden either. Inquiring others salary or the price of some clannish belongings is also seen as impolite in the west.If you really want to know the price of an item, you can ask It is expensive? in stead of directly asking How much is it? But in China, you will have no worry to ask the price. Religious belief and political tendency are also private in the west. Questions like What party do you vote for? and Whats your religion? cannot be asked. But in China, these questions are also free to ask. 2. 2. 3 Naming and Appellation Chinese people attach more importance to family than people in the west, and their respect for the elderberry bush generation is also shown in designation and appellation.The name of a young should not be the same as his or her elder generation, hitherto the pronunciation should be different. Young people could not directly call the name of the elderly ones kinda they call them according to the rank in the family such as , , , ? ? etc.. Comparatively, English-speaking people do not have such strong sense of family rank and social stratum. In the western countries, there is no taboo in naming and appellation. People of different rank in the family hierarchy and social status could call each others name directly. It is common to hear children call their parents and even grandparents names.And it is also very common for a younger person to have a same name with the elder generation. The westerners believe this kind of appellation and naming is a way of showing intimacy and will sweep close the relationship between people. To some extent, it reflects the westerners p ursuit of equality. 2. 2. 4 The Use of Numbers Cultures about add up exist in both Chinese and English. There are different taboos about issue forth in different cultures. In the western culture, the number 13 is seen as an unlucky number which people tend to avoid in their daily life.For example, it is rare to see 13 people gather around the same table while having dinner party or meetings. It is also forbidden to have 13 dishes on the dinner table. House number, storey number and other number marks all avoid using this number. In Chinese, the pronunciation of 4 is similar to the character ? (die), so people are unwilling to use this number in doorplate, story number, phone number etc.. The pronunciation of number 3 is similar to the character ? , so weddings and birthday parties are not held on this day.Besides, there is a saying in Chinese that good things should be in pairs, so it is also a tradition to hold important things on even number days, so as to wish that good luck c ould come. 3. EUPHEMISMS AND CROSSCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 3. 1 The Definition of Cross-Cultural Communication Chinese scholar JIA Yuxin and GUAN Shijie defined cross-cultural communication as communication between people from different cultural background (JIA, 1997) and communication between people or group from one cultural background and people or group from another cultural background (GUAN, 1996).Larry offered his definition of intercultural communication as Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct plenty to deepen the communication event (Larry, 2009). In conclusion, inter-cultural communication, which is a kind of communication behavior, is the communication between people from different cultural background, social psychology, and people speaking different languages. 3. The Influence of Culture Differences on Cross-Cultural Communication While communicating with a person of another language, people always carry out the communication process on the basis of their own language and culture. Obviously culture differences will manifest themselves in the understanding and use of euphemisms throughout cross-cultural Copyright Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture 68 WANG Xiaoling ZHANG Meng DONG Hailin (2012). Cross-Cultural Communication, 8 (6), 66-70 communication. Thus cross-cultural understanding barrier or untoward use of euphemisms will lead to hardheaded failures. . 2. 1 Pragmatic Failures Caused by Different Expression Modes English and Chinese euphemisms are typically different in structure and expression mode. Because of these differences, speakers of one language often have obstacle in grasping the information of another language. For example, Chinese speakers will be wooly-minded when they hear those English euphemisms consisted by numbers like go to the fourth (go to the toilet) and a forty-four (a prostitute). There are also some euphemisms in the fo rm of abbreviation, like B. O. (body odor), V. D. C. (venereal disease), and T. B. tuberculosis), which will lead to understanding trouble if the readers are lack of relative background information. Similarly, the profound Chinese culture has given birth to quantities of crotchety expressions, such as , , , which also make the westerners confused. Besides, the use of twopart allegorical sayings, such as (? ), , and (? ) etc. is also a unique feature of Chinese euphemisms. The use of this special structure can help spillway the mood in an over straightforward Chinese expression, and help readers guess the meaning inside it.But the English readers are not familiar with this kind of Chinese expressions, so they can only sigh towards the contained meaning inside this kind of euphemisms. 3. 2. 2 Pragmatic Failures Caused by Different Value Orientations in Euphemisms The cultural value difference of euphemisms is best illustrated by words in political and social area. Many eu phemistic words in political area are used to conceal the real political purpose. For example, in the Vietnam War, the U. S. governance called the invasion U. S. nvolvement in Vietnam The air raid to Libya is called surgical strikes Civilian casualties in the Iraq War are understate as collateral damage. These euphemisms reflect the subtle attitude of the U. S. government to some extent, and at the same time, they show the handiness and concealment of political words. It is easy to be cheated by these diplomatic words without enough cross-cultural study. For another example, in the western countries, the word sexy is used to describe an attractive and attractive person. If a lady is described as sexy, she will take it as praise and will be very happy.But in traditional Chinese culture, the connotation of sexy is somewhat close to coquettish. If a westerner who does not know much about Chinese culture describes a Chinese lady as sexy, she must feel uncomfortable and take it as an insult instead than praise. But with China enhancing its communication with the western countries, more and more Chinese people have accepted the western culture and began to praise others as sexy. 3. 2. 3 Pragmatic Failures Caused by Different kinsfolk Concept Many words in our daily life such as big and small-scale, high and low, good and bad, rich and poor all indicates social rank.Compared with Chinese, English euphemisms about social rank are larger in quantity and more alert in usage. For example, in the western countries, people advocate democracy and pursuit gender equality, so they have much difficulty in understanding males in Chinese feudal society calling their wives and . English-speaking people are also alert to the rank below the first class. So in 1989, when West Germany held the 56th earth Foundry Congress, the English instruction classified hotels as follows A) Deluxe B) First Class C) Standard D) hole-and-corner(a) rooms.This kind of ranking criteria does not define the hotels below the first class into the second class and the thirdly class, thus avoiding peoples psychological gap. At the same time, it upgrades each class invisibly. that this kind of ranking is difficult for Chinese people to understand and use. In cross-cultural communication, in state to avoid these pragmatic failures, language user of both English and Chinese need to sharpen their cross-cultural awareness. It is also necessary to acquire as many as possible euphemistic expressions in another language.The more characteristics we know about the culture and its euphemisms, the less barriers and pragmatic failures we will encounter. Of course, we should also bear in mind the proper situation where a certain euphemism is used otherwise the overuse of euphemisms will step to the fore to be pretentious and unnatural. CONCLUSION To sum up, euphemism is a common and long-standing linguistic as well as socio-cultural phenomenon in both English speaking countries and C hina. As a mirror of culture, euphemisms strongly reflected similarities and differences between English and Chinese cultures.These similarities and differences have brought about conveniences and difficulties in the process of crosscultural communication. Only when people from different cultures are fully aware of the different cultural background, cultural value orientations and cultural conventions, can they remove pragmatic barriers and carry out smooth and harmonious communication successfully. REFERENCES Bussmann (2000). Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Beijing external Language Teaching and Research Press. CAI, Yan (2005). Similarities in Communicative Functions Between English and Chinese Euphemism.Journal of Xihua University, (1). 69 Copyright Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture Cross-Cultural Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Euphemisms CHEN, Junsen (2000). Foreign Cultures and International Communication. Wuhan Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press. DENG, Xinghua (1996). Contrastive Study on Chinese and English Taboos and Euphemisms. Journal of Liuzhou Teachers College, (1). DENG, Yanchang, & LIU, Runqing (2001). Language and Culture. Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. GUAN, Shijie (1996). Intercultural Communication. Beijing Peking University Press.GUO, Hongmei (2005). English and Chinese Euphemisms and the information of Western and Chinese Cultures. Journal of Taiyuan University, (12), 61-62. HU, Yonghong (2001). On English and Chinese Euphemisms. Journal of Mianyang Teachers College, (8), 53-54. JIA, Yuxin (1997). Intercultural Communication. Shanghai Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Larry, A. Samovar, Richard, E. Porter, & Edwin, R. McDaniel (2009). Communication Between Cultures. Beijing Peking University Press. LI, Zhongsheng (1991). Taboos and Customs in Chinese Language. Xian Shanxi Peoples Press. PAN, Min (2004).Comparative Analysis of English and Chinese Euphemism. Journal of Huaiyin Institute of Technology, (8), 42-44. XUE, Yan (2001). On English Euphemisms. Journal of Lanzhou Commercial College, (12), 108-111. Copyright Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture 70 Copyright of Cross-Cultural Communication is the property of Canadian Academy of Oriental & Occidental Culture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holders express create verbally permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.